Category Archives: Mythology

THE NOSTOI (C 600s B.C. or 500s B.C.) NEGLECTED GREEK EPIC

THE NOSTOI aka THE RETURNS is a neglected epic in the Trojan War cycle. It is attributed to Agias or to Eumelus of Corinth. In the Epic Cycle, The Nostoi comes after The Sack of Troy and before The Odyssey. The epic deals with the homeward journeys of certain Greek heroes of the Trojan War other than Odysseus. The verse rendition of The Nostoi survives only in fragmentary form but there are surviving prose summaries of the work written by Proclus and Apollodorus.

THE NOSTOI – Picking up from the end of The Sack of Troy, the goddess Athena is still angry with the triumphant Greeks for the way Ajax the Lesser led the desecration of her temple inside Troy. She causes arguments among some of the Greek leaders, including the brothers Agamemnon and Menelaus, as a prelude to more deadly measures to come.

*** Diomedes and Nestor, free of hubris and considered free of the taint of the temple’s desecration, are granted swift and untroubled voyages with their fleets as they return home to Argos and Pylos, respectively. 

*** Agamemnon is visited by the ghost of Achilles, who warns him not to set sail because of Athena’s anger. Impatient to return home, Agamemnon tries to appease Athena with a quick sacrifice, then departs. A storm sent by Zeus at Athena’s request ravages Agamemnon’s fleet, killing many on the Kapherian rocks, including the mad Ajax the Lesser. (One account says Athena stole one of Zeus’s thunderbolts and caused the storm herself.) Continue reading

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FOOL KILLER PART SIXTY-EIGHT: FEBRUARY 1914

Balladeer’s Blog continues its examination of the many facets of Fool Killer lore. FOR PART ONE, INCLUDING THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT IN THE 1850s, CLICK HERE.

PART 68 – Some of the Fool Killer’s targets on both sides of the aisle in the February 1914 edition of James Larkin Pearson’s version of the folk figure:

*** The Eugenicists of 1913 and 1914.

*** Kentucky’s Louisville Courier-Journal newspaper for its hypocritical editorials blasting air pollution from factory chimney stacks while simultaneously hyping the tobacco industry despite the “air pollution” caused by smoking.

*** Republican and Democrat newspapers for amping up their combined attacks on Catholics. (Pearson found Catholic priests as disgusting as politicians, but found the newspapers’ attacks hypocritical.)

*** Joe Knowles, artist and Forest Survival enthusiast, for failing at his stunt of going into the Maine forests naked and insisting he would not only survive but would emerge after several weeks having made himself clothing that would be fitting for High Society. Knowles did survive but looked like a wild man and his clothing was like something Fred Flintstone would wear.

*** Miss Bana Douglass of Stratton, Maine. She was inspired by Joe Knowles’ stunt and announced her plan to go naked into the Maine forests herself in the summer of 1914. She too claimed she would thrive and create all the clothing and comforts of home for herself. The Fool Killer jokingly predicted that the Maine woods would be loaded with men that summer, all of them hoping to meet up with Bana Douglass.

*** What Pearson and his Fool Killer called “the Four Percent” (today we call them “the One Percent”) for their callousness toward the suffering of the working class and the poor.  Continue reading

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THE SACK OF TROY (C 770s B.C.)

fall of troyPreviously Balladeer’s Blog examined three of the neglected tales from the Epic Cycle which dealt with the Trojan War. First came Cypria, then after skipping The Iliad because of how well-known it is I moved on to Aethiopis and then most recently I examined Iliad Minor.

SACK OF TROY aka Sack of Ilion is credited to Arktinos of Miletos in the 770’s BCE. The previous epic Iliad Minor wrapped up with the Greek warriors springing out of the Trojan Horse and at last triumphing over King Priam and his Trojans. Sack of Troy rehashes a few story elements, backing up to cover the construction of the Trojan Horse and the Trojans ignoring the prophet Cassandra’s warnings about the Horse. New elements are the arguments the Trojans have about possibly burning the Horse or rolling it off a cliff into the sea before deciding to take it inside the city gates.

BALLADEER’S BLOG

During the celebrations for what the Trojans think is their victory over the Greeks two serpents bit and killed the priest of Apollo named Laocoon and one of his sons. The Trojans called an end to the feast and retired for the evening, their spirits dampened. The Greek soldiers emerged from the Trojan Horse after most of the Trojans were asleep and started slaying the Trojans, taking time out to allow their returned comrades to enter Troy to bring their numbers up.

Much pride was taken over which Greek warrior killed which Trojan and also, given the time period, which Trojan woman or women they took as sex-toys. Taking Trojan women who had been aristocrats was a particular sign of status. To name just a few Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, killed King Priam and Odysseus killed Astyanax (Hector’s son) by throwing him from the top of the city walls to his death. Neoptolemus then seized Astyanax’s wife Andromache. Continue reading

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ILIAD MINOR (C 650s B.C.)

Previously Balladeer’s Blog examined Cypria and Aethiopis, two of the neglected Greek epics. Cypria recounted the events leading into The Iliad while Aethiopis picked up the tale of the Trojan War after the death and funeral of Hector at the end of The Iliad. The neglected epic I’m examining today is Iliad Minor, the next in line chronologically. The author is speculated to have been either Lesches, Thestorides, Diodoros, Kinaithon or even Homer himself.

ILIAD MINOR – Also called Iliad Mikra and The Little Iliad this neglected epic opens up with the casting of lots between Odysseus and Aias (Ajax), the two heroes who recovered the corpse of Achilles to prevent it from being desecrated by the Trojans at the end of Aethiopis. The prize they are gambling for is the armor of the late Achilles.

Odysseus wins due to the secret interference of the goddess Athena, as always an admirer of Odysseus’ shrewd and resourceful nature.

Aias, in the level-headed way of people in ancient myths goes insane from losing the armor and sabotages his own people’s war effort by poisoning the cattle the Greeks have been raising to help feed the massive army besieging Troy. Next Aias kills himself and, because of his act of sabotage Agamemnon denies him the funeral honors of a hero. Therefore, he is buried instead of cremated on a pyre.

Calchas, the Greek seer, foretells that in order to win the war the Greeks must sail to Lemnos and recover Philoctetes, the archer who wields the arrows of Herakles. Continue reading

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FOOL KILLER PART SIXTY-SEVEN: JANUARY 1914

Balladeer’s Blog continues its examination of the many facets of Fool Killer lore. FOR PART ONE, INCLUDING THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT IN THE 1850s, CLICK HERE.

PART 67 – Some of the Fool Killer’s targets on both sides of the aisle in the January 1914 edition of James Larkin Pearson’s version of the folk figure:

*** Child Labor: The Fool Killer unconditionally condemned child labor, fueled by a report in the Christian Herald exposing the plight of a 3-year-old child being exploited.

NOTE: Since it has been quite a while since I’ve covered Pearson’s particular iteration of the Fool Killer I want to point out that it cannot be pigeon-holed into 21st Century ideas about political left and political right. Neither side should read too much into him citing the Christian Herald. James Larkin Pearson openly endorsed an unusual Socialist interpretation of Christianity.

           He bashed clergymen from all faiths and unleashed his Fool Killer on preachers who conducted themselves like what we would call “televangelists” who pushed for money above all else. He also bashed capitalism and plutocrats, whom he called Plutes. Unrelated, but he opposed abortion yet was an early proponent of women’s right to vote. Pearson had views which would offend both sides of the 2026 political spectrum.

Back to his January 1914 targets:

*** What was already being called the House of Morgan, as in J.P. Morgan, one of the Fool Killer’s frequent rich pig targets. Continue reading

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AETHIOPIS (770s B.C. – 740s B.C.) ANOTHER EPIC OF THE TROJAN WAR

Previously Balladeer’s Blog examined Cypria, the neglected Greek epic myth that dealt with the events leading up to the Trojan War all the way up to Achilles leading the Greek forces in establishing a beachhead at Troy. The Trojan forces were then forced to retreat inside the walls of Troy itself, leaving the outside settlements to be sacked by the Greek forces. This led right into the whole Briseis/Chryseis conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon that opened up The Iliad.

The events of The Iliad are well-known enough that I will skip over a recap of that epic and move on to the very next neglected epic in the cycle: Aethiopis.

AETHIOPIS – This work is often attributed to Arctinus, by some accounts in 776 BCE to coincide with the very first ancient Olympic games. Other sources place it as late as the 740s BCE. Very little of Aethiopis itself survives, so most of what is known about it comes from Proclus and other – often contradictory – references in ancient writings. The tale begins soon after the death of Hector which marked the end of The Iliad.

Just as the fighting is set to resume following the break in honor of Hector’s funeral the Amazons arrive on the scene to support their allies the Trojans. Needless to say they are very effective in combat and cause the Greek forces besieging Troy a lot of trouble. The Amazons are led by their new Queen Penthesilea, who succeeded to the throne after accidentally killing her more famous sister Hippolyta in a hunting accident. Penthesilea is so grief-stricken from causing her sister’s death that she wants to die, but as Amazon royalty she cannot simply commit suicide but must die gloriously in battle. Continue reading

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THE AENEID: FOURTH AND FINAL PART

FOR THE FIRST PART CLICK HERE. FOR THE SECOND PART CLICK HERE. FOR THE THIRD PART CLICK HERE.

FOUR – A council of the gods is held on Mount Olympus as the goddesses Venus and Juno make their cases for and against Aeneas and his fellow survivors of fallen Troy. Venus argues for them since Aeneas is her son, while Juno retains her position against Aeneas because she wants to prevent the founding of Rome.

Events move back to the battlefield as Aeneas finally arrives back at the Trojan camp with an army of his Tuscan and Arcadian allies. In the following battle casualties are again high. King Turnus – Aeneas’s rival for the hand of King Latinus’s daughter Lavinia – kills the Arcadian Prince Pallas, whose father King Evander had sent him forth to fight on the Trojan side.

Elsewhere on the battlefield, Aeneas wounds Mezentius, but the man’s son Lausus leaps between his father and Aeneas. While the two younger warriors fight each other, Mezentius flees back to his camp and Aeneas kills Lausus. Continue reading

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THE AENEID: THIRD PART

FOR THE FIRST PART CLICK HERE. FOR THE SECOND PART CLICK HERE.

THREE – Aeneas and his fleet of survivors of fallen Troy arrive at Latium in what is now west central Italy. They are made welcome by King Latinus, who offers his daughter Lavinia to Aeneas as a bride per the oracles foreseeing the arrival of strangers possessed of greatness and whose leader he should marry to Lavinia. 

King Turnus of the Rutuli people is infuriated because he had been promised Lavinia’s hand. The goddess Juno, still hoping to prevent the founding of Rome, causes Latinus’ wife Queen Amata to insist that the original plan to have Lavinia wed Turnus must be adhered to. The situation prompts Turnus to declare war on the Trojans.

Aeneas tries to avoid a conflict in his people’s new home region, but Juno causes our hero’s son Ascanius to accidentally kill a deer sacred to Latinus’ people during a hunt. This cements the impending war and Aeneas has no choice but to seek allies just as Turnus is doing.

Tiberinus, god of the Tiber River, visits Aeneas in a dream and instructs him to form an alliance with the Tuscans, who are already enemies of the Rutuli. Aeneas does so. Continue reading

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THE AENEID: SECOND PART

FOR THE FIRST PART CLICK HERE.

TWO – Aeneas and his companions, the survivors of the Fall of Troy, are still lingering in Carthage. Queen Dido, not knowing that the Roman State which Aeneas will spawn will also be the future destroyer of Carthage, remains deeply in love with Aeneas.

He returns her love, and having Aeneas remain with Dido and never found Rome fits the schemes of the goddess Juno (Naturally, Roman names are used for the gods and goddesses throughout this epic poem by Virgil). During a Royal Hunt in which Dido and Aeneas are accompanied by their courtiers, Juno causes a storm that drives the entire hunting party to seek shelter in an extensive system of caves.

Playing into (or maybe establishing) the enduring cliche about people in a burgeoning romance being driven closer by needing relief from a downpour, Dido and Aeneas start to feel even friskier. Juno manipulates things further by having nature and animal life in the cave behave in ways that parallel a wedding ceremony.

Dido is convinced that she and our hero really are married in the eyes of the gods now, so she and Aeneas not only consummate their love but openly live as man and wife during the days that the supernatural storm confines them and their respective retinues to the caves. They continue this arrangement even after returning to Queen Dido’s palace. Continue reading

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THE AENEID: FIRST PART

Recent movie news about the latest screen adaptation of The Odyssey happened to make me reflect on the lack of a big screen version of the poet Virgil’s epic The Aeneid. For newbies to the tale, I’m posting this very brief synopsis of the story – the first half a mythic voyage like Jason and the Argonauts and The Odyssey and the second half a tale of warfare as Aeneas leads his fellow survivors of fallen Troy in their mythic conquest of what would become Rome.

Previously, I covered neglected ancient Greek epics about the Trojan War, like Cypria, Aethiopis, Iliad Minor and The Sack of Troy. I mentioned the Trojan named Aeneas and how some Greek sources said he was killed and some said he and a fleet of other Trojans escaped the massacre and sailed away.

Roman legends written hundreds of years B.C. took over from there, linking Aeneas to the founding of Rome after a dangerous journey. Around 19 B.C. to 29 B.C. the poet Virgil wrote The Aeneid to give Rome its very own national epic. 

ONE – Aeneas and his fleet search for the place prophesied to be the site of a new nation that the Trojan refugees will found. The goddess Juno (Roman equivalent of the Greek Hera) senses that the great people of this new nation will go on to destroy her beloved Carthage, so she throws assorted obstacles in their way. Continue reading

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