TWELVE DEITIES FROM INUIT MYTHOLOGY

 Inuit mythology is almost criminally neglected. Personally I find it  fascinating and there is a  wealth of underappreciated information to be passed along. Inuit is the term used now, largely replacing  ”eskimo”  which was a pejorative term coined by the Algonquin Indians long ago. The geographical area of the Inuit myths ranges from Siberia across the Bering Strait through Alaska, Canada and Greenland. Names used for the following deities vary across that vast area. Some Inuit settlements like Ayaatayat (near present- day Cape Denbigh) date back 10,000 years. The Inuit were often at war with various Native American tribes and, as a testament to the  fighting  ability of the ancient Inuits they drove the Vikings themselves out of part of Greenland. The Inuit deities are as fascinating as the figures in any other pantheon.

12. NARSSUK – The god of the west wind and a son of the god Sila. Narssuk was depicted as an enormous infant whose winds were generated by the flapping of his caribou- skin diaper. In some versions the goddess Pukimna made the diaper for him. Narssuk supposedly would  loosen his diaper on purpose per orders from either Sila or Sedna (depending on the region) to create harsh windstorms to punish people for violating taboos. Shamans (male or female) would travel in their astral bodies to refasten the diaper and end the winds.

In some traditions they would first have to get Sedna’s permission for this and she would give them a seaweed whip to lash Narssuk with before refastening his diaper. His brother Pompeja was the god of the east wind and another son of Sila. Since the winds coming off the sea were often warmer compared to the north and west winds Pompeja’s winds were said to be caused by the god’s flatulence. (I swear!)  

11. SEQINEK – The Inuit sun goddess. The sun was her blazing torch, which she carried aloft as she ran across the sky. At night she would retire to the  dwelling she shared with her brother, the moon god Tatqim, though  the two were never in the dwelling at the same time. That dwelling was in Udlormiut, the realm of the supercelestial afterlife. In some versions, however,  Tatqim lives in a house in the west and Seqinek in a house in the east.  

At one time the sun goddess had a secret lover sneaking in to have sex with her nightly. When she at last realized it was her brother Tatqim she fled from his advances and he pursued her. Seqinek bore the sun as her torch in her flight but her brother’s torch was partially blown out as he pursued her and that is why the moon is less bright and hot than the sun. Tatqim continues his pursuit of his sister on a daily basis. Their occassional couplings are eclipses.

10. UNGA – The godling child who was a subaquatic “shepherd” for the sea goddess Sedna. Unga would round up all of the sea animals for Sedna when she wanted to withhold them from fishermen over violations of taboos or other acts which displeased her.

Unga was also called Ungaq and was depicted as a  young child sometimes female but most often male, who frequently cries and, before their ascension to divine status may have been a human child stolen away by Amajorsuk,  the goddess of miscarriages and stillborn babies and who was often described as carrying off Inuit children in her amaut. 

9. TAPASUMA – “The indweller in the land above”. The goddess who ruled over the supercelestial afterlife, as opposed to the subaquatic afterlife ruled over by Sedna. Interestingly, Inuit myth features two versions of the afterlife  existing concurrently. It is not the usual distinction between one being a place for virtuous souls and the other a place for evil souls  since rewards and punishments were doled out in both afterlifes.

The difference was one of location and/or time period.  In general the  ascension of Sedna from sea goddess to also being ruler of the afterlife came later and largely in the areas closer to the coasts. In the interior of the country the supercelestial realm of Udlormiut (the land of perpetual daylight) was the main afterlife.

The Earth was looked on as an enormous ice- house (igloo) and stars were seen as small holes in the ceiling of this massive structure allowing light in from Udlormiut, which was on the other side of the ceiling. Souls in Udlormiut had plenty of food, warmth and water as well as all the liesure time they never had during their hard earthly lives.

The chief sport of the dead souls in the supercelestial afterlife was playing Inuit soccer (soccer with no fixed boundaries) and in fact the Aurora Borealis was described as souls of the dead whose game of soccer had taken them far away from their starting point. The soccer balls they used were said to be the heads of disobedient children who were inclined to wander off and would be pulled up by the spirits of the dead.

When a soul at long last grew bored with the afterlife it could be reincarnated, with Tapasuma deciding if it would be as human or animal. The moon god Tatqim was the one who would take the souls to be reincarnated down to Earth for Tapasuma every month. In some traditions Tapasuma was conflated with Pukimna.   

8. KINAK – The mountain- sized god of the north winds. Like his brother wind gods he was a son of Sila. The blowing of the north wind was said to be caused by his breathing. His reclining body formed an entire mountain range. A popular myth about Kinak involves an Inuit woman named Taku. This woman was married to a man who beat her frequently and so she fled him. She would have perished of exposure but she had ventured onto the mountain that was really the reclining Kinak. Taku told him her plight and he took pity on her, allowing her to live with him for years, providing  her with animals for food and clothing.

Eventually the day came when Kinak wanted to roll over onto his other side and Taku had to go home. The god gently blew her home with a supply of furs that made her and her  husband very rich. The two were happy and even had a son, but eventually the husband returned to his old ways of beating Taku, who prayed to Kinak. Kinak blew Taku’s husband far  away, never to be seen again. Taku’s son became a great hunter but inherited his father’s temper and took to slaying several competing hunters so the day came when Kinak blew him away, too.     

7. TORNARSSUK – The polar bear god. He is sometimes depicted in human form and sometimes in polar bear form. Tornarssuk is largely associated with  what might be called the initiation tradition of Inuit shamans. The initiate would enter into a cave, since Tornarssuk was also the patron deity of caverns, then, encountering the polar bear god on the astral plane, the initiate’s ordeal would begin.

They would be devoured and excreted in the Inuit version of the seemingly world-wide Mystery philosophy which can be summarized: “Enlightenment (or in this case shamanic intuition) comes only through suffering” (think Christ on the cross, Odin impaled on the tree, Dionysus torn to pieces, Attis’ castration, Osiris being dismembered and recreated, etc).

Female shamans would sometimes have it a bit easier.  Tornarssuk would at times appear to them in a dream in half-human, half-bear form and have intercourse with them, thereby endowing them with shamanic intuition. Tornarssuk also taught the Inuit how to hunt  seals. As part of his role as god of the caves Tornarssuk was said to swim underground through soil and rock, causing the formation of caves as well as instigating rockslides. By some accounts this god’s mere touch is deadly to dogs. 

6. KATAUM – The sentinel who stood guard inside the doorway of Sedna’s  dwelling. Part of his job was to perpetually observe the world above and inform Sedna of any breaches of taboo. Mostly, however, he is known for being the final obstacle a shaman’s astral form would have to face before getting the opportunity to appease Sedna so that she would release the sea game that she was withholding from the Inuit because of the violation of taboos.

Other obstacles were rolling rocks that would crush even the shaman’s astral body, a thin, icy bridge that had to be crossed, a group of angry, attacking seals and a stone wall that had to be leveled. Next would come Kanajuk, the giant sea scorpion (sometimes said to be on the roof, but other accounts say that Sedna’s home had no roof to make it easier for Kataum to observe the surface dwellers) and a small ice chunk in the doorway that would whisk them away if they stepped on it.  

5. PUKIMNA – The goddess of caribou. She lived in a remote dwelling and her home was surrounded by immense herds of caribou, which she controlled. When her taboos were violated she would withhold the caribou from hunters the way Sedna would withhold sea game when the Inuit violated her taboos. Oddly, in some traditions Pukimna, not Sedna, is credited with creating walruses as well as caribou.

Pukimna is the goddess who oversees the reincarnation of caribou and walrus spirits but, as with human spirits it is the moon god who actually transports the souls back to the earthly plane at her command. Pukimna created the caribou from her breeches and the walruses from her boots.

Initially she created the caribou with tusks like the walrus but this made them too dangerous to the Inuit hunters who depended on them for food and clothing. The goddess transformed their tusks into antlers but they still moved too quickly to be successfully hunted, so she changed the pattern of the hair of the belly, throat and flanks so they could not cleave the air so swiftly when they ran. (Pukimna was a pioneer of aerodynamics apparently)

She also supposedly kicked the caribou in the foreheads while fashioning the antlers, causing the indentation on their foreheads. Pukimna was able to create the free- souls of caribou and walruses on her own but needed the collaboration of Sila to create the animals’ breath- souls. She would send the spirits of dead caribou or walruses to punish the violation of any taboos related to those animals. Some traditions place Pukimna’s caribou- surrounded home deep in the continental interior, but others placed it in the super- celestial realm of Udlormiut where Tapasuma, Tatqim and other deities live. 

4. NUNAM – The Earth goddess of the Inuit pantheon, in some traditions considered the wife of the god Sila. Nunam is often depicted wearing a coat that reaches to her knees and from which hang living miniatures of all land animals (except for caribou in some versions). Those miniatures are considered the free souls (as opposed to breath souls, which are the province of Sila) of those animals, since land animal free souls flow from Nunam. Fur boots and bracelets completed her ensemble.

In some traditions Nunam was also said to be the source of free souls for trees and rocks, which, since they are not animate, did not have a corresponding breath soul. When the world was young, children grew directly from the ground like flowers growing from Nunam’s body. Since Inuit women did not yet have vaginas they obtained  babies by going out and picking the ripe ones from the ground.

Later, after the moon god Tatqim created women’s vaginas, when the women next went out to “pick babies” the babies instead clung to the women’s ankles and climbed up their legs and into their new vaginas (showroom clean) where they took root and from then on babies emerged from that orifice. (So forget all that superstitious nonsense about sperm fertilizing eggs)

Musk-oxen were said to have hatched from large eggs buried deep within Nunam’s body. At the dawn of time Sila came down from the heavens and had intercourse with Nunam, producing a male called Kallak. Nunam then joined with Kallak, producing a daughter, whom Kallak took as a wife and the two  spawned the Inuit people. In some myths Nunam’s brothers are referred to as having been slain by her husband Sila. Nunam brought them back to life but Sila insisted they needed punished for waging war on him so he shrunk them down and they became the Ishigaq, the one meter tall Inuit equivalent of elves.

3. SILA – The god of the weather and of the animating life-force, frequently manifested as the winds, which were looked on as the “breathing of the world.” For this reason he was also the deity governing the breathing of humanity and  animals as well, since breath flows like wind in and out of us all. The life force was said to come from Sila and flow back into  Sila after death, and then, through the lesser deities, was eventually sent back into the world via reincarnation. Because singing, humming and tale-spinning are also done with the breath Sila was also seen as the god of songs, tales, music and other creative inspiration.

In addition it was through him that shamans ultimately derived their powers. Intuitive warnings, especially on the part of children, were said to be the whisperings of Sila. The nagging of one’s conscience was also attributed to Sila. This god was said to be always with us but always far away. In some traditions it is said Sila sculpted the first humans from wet sand and breathed life into them.

Bad weather like wind, blizzards, etc was caused by Sila punishing humanity for violating taboos and the god would inflict disease on anyone guilty of mistreating game animals. If someone suffering from disease was appealing to Sila to heal them they would need to abandon all their earthly possessions and go off in solitude. Once possessed of nothing but their “breath soul” Sila would consider healing them.

Breath souls and the animating life force came from Sila, free souls from the goddesses Nunam, Pukimna and Sedna. In some traditions the way Sila creates snow is by whittling walrus tusks with the shavings falling as snowflakes. The rare times Sila was depicted he was clean-shaven but with long flowing hair, standing with his fur coat open to display his bare chest, a sign of his imperviousness to the elements he commanded.       

2. TATQIM – The moon god. The moon is his partially burned out torch that he carries to light his way as he perpetually and lecherously chases his sister, the sun goddess Seqinek, whose fully lit torch is, of course, the sun. In addition Tatqim plays a very significant role in the Inuit cycle of  reincarnation. When the human and animal souls in the supercelestial afterlife called Udlormiut are ready to be reincarnated, the goddess Tapasuma instructs the moon god to transport them to Earth, further instructing him what type of life form each soul should be reborn as.

Tatqim takes these souls to Earth in his divine dogsled pulled by four huge dogs (or just one REALLY huge dog in some versions) and does this on the moonless nights each month. This task he performs at Tapasuma’s command accounts for the moon’s absence from the sky on such nights. Tatqim’s control of the tides was crucial for the coastal Inuit because without ebb tides they could not gather the seaweed from where the tides had retreated, seaweed being an essential food item in the far north, where other forms of vegetable life are often very scarce.

The tale of the moon god’s creation of vaginas and anuses goes as follows: long ago animals did not have either orifice, so the disemboweling goddess Ululijarnaq used to take her ulo knife and carve babies and waste matter out of people’s insides as needed. (Sort of like the Tooth Fairy but with a lot more disemboweling) Seeing how inefficient that was, Tatqim took his hunting knife and cut vaginas into all female life forms and anuses into all living things.

Women continue to bleed for a time from this wound monthly to this very day. This association with the vagina is how the moon god first attained his reincarnation duties, since the vagina is the portal through which animal life enters the world. The disemboweling goddess was reassigned to her current role guarding the approach to the supercelestial afterlife. Barren women would pray to the moon god for children and he would sometimes come down and impregnate them personally.

When you add Tatqim’s role as the god of hunting he certainly seems to occupy a more significant place in Inuit myths than many other lunar deities from around the world do in their pantheons.     

1. SEDNA – The sea goddess and the most celebrated deity in the Inuit pantheon. Even mythology books that cover no other figures from Inuit myths will usually have an entry on her. She was the daughter of the god and goddess Anguta and Isarrataitsoq and, like countless female figures in Inuit myths, she refused all prospective husbands. Sedna instead had sexual relations with dogs and the “freakish” offspring of these unions were said to be white people and Native American tribes that the Inuit were often at war with.

A ghoulish twist to the story is how Sedna took to using her parents as food (a recurring theme in Inuit myths because of the scarcity of food in the frozen north at times and how instances of cannibalism during such famines were much-discussed). Sedna devoured both of her mother Isarrataitsoq’s arms and had finished eating one of her father’s arms before he was able to subdue her and take her out to sea in his canoe, intent on banishing her to the sea. Continuing to struggle, Sedna clutched the sides of the canoe as her father tried to submerge her, prompting him to take his long knife and cut off her fingers.

Since, to the Inuit,  loss or mutilation of the hands was often seen as a horrific transformation into something new, the myth states that Sedna now embraced her fate, transforming her now-fingerless hands into flippers and transforming her severed digits into the various species of sea animals. When the one-armed Anguta returned to shore, where his still-armless wife awaited, Sedna, now fully realized as the sea goddess, caused a massive wave to wash over her parents, dragging them down to her new home to serve in her subaquatic court.

This subsea realm is called Adlivun, and it is also the place where the souls of the coastal Inuit and the game animals they thrive on go after death to be eventually reincarnated (similar to how the souls of the Inuit from the interior and the souls of their game animals go to the supercelestial afterlife called Udlormiut when they die and are reincarnated, though the moon god does not seem to play a role in the rebirth of souls from Adlivun).

Sedna’s home in the deep is said to be constructed of a whalebone frame with walls made of all the clothing of people who have drowned at sea and furnishings fashioned from their bones and sunken ships.

The sea goddess’ father Anguta oversees the punishment of dead souls for taboos they violated in life, eventually purging them from the taint of their wrongdoing. After that the souls are free to dwell with the other deceased spirits until they are ready to be reincarnated. Sedna retained her preference for bestiality, taking the giant sea-scorpion god Kanajuk as a husband, a spouse she shares with her armless mother. The god Kataum guards the entranceway to Sedna’s undersea dwelling and also keeps an eye on taboos being violated by the coastal Inuit.

The god Sila uses Sedna to enforce the taboos (as he uses the goddess Pukimna to enforce the taboos for the Inuit of the interior), and, to counteract Sedna’s recalcitrant nature, does this by causing the breaking of taboos to manifest as knots and filth in Sedna’s hair. When the sea goddess’ hair becomes so polluted that she can no longer stand it she orders the godling-child Unga to act as a shepherd and round up all the game animals of the sea. This causes a scarcity of game for the coastal Inuit, a problem resolved only by a shaman traveling to Adlivun in their astral body to comb the knots and filth from Sedna’s hair, thus appeasing her. (She cannot comb her hair herself because she has flippers, not hands) 

FOR SEVERAL MORE INUIT DEITIES CLICK HERE:  https://glitternight.com/inuit-myth/ 

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