THE TOP 11 DEITIES IN KOREAN MYTHOLOGY

Korea

Korea

As always here at Balladeer’s Blog I like to examine topics that I feel don’t get enough attention. The gods and goddesses of Korea are the topic of this latest article on an underappreciated pantheon of deities. Readers interested in myths from around the world may want to also check out my pages on Navajo, Vietnamese and Bunyoro myths. In addition I have done articles on Shinto mythology – https://glitternight.com/shinto-myth/

Plus a two-part look at Hawaiian mythology – Part One – https://glitternight.com/2011/02/20/the-top-eleven-deities-in-hawaiian-mythology/   

And Part Two – https://glitternight.com/2011/03/02/eleven-more-deities-from-hawaiian-mythology-2/

 https://glitternight.com/2011/04/10/the-eleven-most-neglected-deities-in-teutono-norse-mythology/

11. IGONG – Also called Hallakkungi, this god tended the Flower Garden Of Life And Death. This garden contained flowers that were really the souls of each person on Earth and Igong oversaw the  length and quality of each life. After ending those lives by plucking their corresponding flowers from the garden Igong also decided on the soul’s merits for rebirth. This god was worshipped only on Jeju Island, the huge island off the southern coast of Korea. Jeju is also spelled Cheju because our alphabet has no true equivalent of that consonant sound from the Korean language.

10. TANGUN – The founder- god of the ancient Choson kingdom supposedly in 2333 B.C. Tangun was the son of Hwanung, the god of the laws who descended from the heavens to teach humanity how to live and adapt to the world when it was young. Tangun established an ancient city near Pyeongyang, which the demented Kim Jong IL of North Korea claimed to have unearthed in recent years but for some reason (HA!) refused to allow outside authorities in to confirm the claim. Tangun ruled as a combination king and high priest and is still worshipped today by many modern Koreans who follow Cheondogyo, “the religion of the heavenly way.” We are told Tangun ruled for 1,500 years, then became the guardian god of Mount Taebaek.  

9. YUHWA – The goddess of willow trees, this daughter of the river- god Habaek was desired by the sun god Haemosu. The sun god trapped her by causing a copper palace to grow from some lines he drew on the ground. Yuhwa and her sisters, intrigued by the sudden appearance of the magnificent structure, ventured in and were lavishly entertained by Haemosu and his attendants. At a sign from the sun god the attendants made to bolt the doors so they could trap the three goddesses within. Yuhwa’s sisters were swift enough to escape, but Yuhwa was captured by Haemosu and taken off to be his wife. Eventually she fled Haemosu and, while hiding with King Keumwa of Puyeo she gave birth to Haemosu’s son Jumong.   

8. KIMSURO – The god sent down from the heavens to rule the Kaya region of Korea in approximately 43 C.E. Nine elders ruled the Kaya region – one from each of the main city- states, but the lack of a central authority prompted them to pray to the heavenly king of the gods Hwanin for a strong ruler to unite them. Hwanin’s voice rang out from the heavens, drawing a crowd of  hundreds to Kuji Mountain, where he instructed them to sing the Kujiga.  

After the song was sung, Hwanin  lowered a golden chest from the sky, a chest containing six large golden eggs. From these eggs hatched the god Kimsuro and five of his subordinate aristocrats, all of whom grew to be nine feet tall in a matter of days. Kimsuro united the nine city-states into the kingdom of Kaya, defeated the god Talhae (future founder of Shilla) in a metamorphosis duel and refused to get married until the gods sent a wife, Hwangok ,to him from India.          

7. HABAEK – The god of the Yalu River, which borders what is now North Korea and China. As such he had special significance as the watchman over the northern frontier. Habaek’s daughter Yuhwa was snatched away by the sun god Haemosu and made his bride. Habaek complained to Hwanin, the Heavenly King of the gods, who ordered Haemosu to meet with his irate father-in- law. Haemosu defeated the river god in a metamorphosis duel, besting him in the forms of animals of the sea, land and air, but then benevolently acquiesced to Habaek’s demand for a formal wedding ceremony. Following that ceremony the still- reluctant bride fled Haemosu, ultimately hiding with King Keumwa of Puyeo.    

6. KOENEGITTO – The war god of Jeju Island, home of a shrine that bears his name. Koenegitto had a bronze gong which, when struck once, could conjure up an army of a million soldiers out of the air. When struck twice the army would disappear. Koenegitto was the son of the shrine god Sochonguk through the mortal woman Paek Chunim. When Koenegitto turned three he was so uncontrollable that Sochonguk locked him in a chest and tossed the chest into the sea.

Koenigitto escaped the chest, married the youngest daughter of the dragon god of the sea but was asked to leave the sea kingdom when his enormous appetite was emptying the dragon god’s larder. He and his wife went to Chonja on the Korean mainland, where Koenegitto became a hero by driving away an invading army (led by multi- headed generals) from the north. The bronze- armored demigod then returned triumphantly to Jeju Island for revenge on his parents for tossing him into the sea. He scared them both to death, then transformed his father into a mountain ridge and his mother into a shrine.           

5. HAEMOSU – The Korean sun god, usually depicted wearing a headdress of crow feathers from the gigantic crow he killed when it stole the sun and he had to retrieve it (crows have connections with the sun in Chinese myths, too and in Vietnamese mythology some versions claim that the sun goddess’ palanquin is adorned with crow images instead of rooster images). For his chief weapon Haemosu wielded a solar sword that shone as brightly as the sun.

Each dawn as the sun, his home, made its way across the sky he would  leave it to take its course while he flew down to the Earth on his chariot. That chariot, Oryonggeo, was drawn by five flying dragons and traveled faster than the wind. The sun god’s retinue, meanwhile, accompanied him riding giant white swans that floated on multi- colored, music-producing clouds. Haemosu and his court would land at Puyeo, the  ancient capital of what would eventually become the combined Three Kingdoms of Korea. There the sun god would attend to the affairs of mortals all day, returning to his solar home at sunset. Haemosu desired the goddess Yuhwa, who bore his son Jumong.      

4. KOEULLA, PUEULLA AND YANGEULLA – These three progenitor  gods of the Three Clans of Jeju Island are always mentioned in unison. They are the sons of Halmang, the goddess of Jeju Island, and emerged from her womb, the ground, at a hole named Mohung near Mount Chu. This spot, called the Hollow of the Three Clans, is a landmark in modern day Jeju City. The three brothers roamed the island hunting game, eating the meat and making clothes from the skins.

One day three brides arrived for them, sent with respects from the ruler of Pyeongyang on the Korean mainland. The brides brought with them calves, colts and the Five Grains – barley, rice, soybean, millet and foxtail millet. In Korean mythology these five grains symbolize all of agriculture. Each of the three gods took a bride for himself and established settlements, with their countless offspring forming the mythical Three Clans from which all the people of Jeju Island supposedly descended. Each clan claims their progenitor was the first-born of the three gods.      

3. HWANUNG – The god of the laws and father of the demigod Tangun, one of the important founder- heroes of northern Korean lore. Hwanung told his father, Hwanin, that he desired to live among the people who worshipped them. Hwanin designated Mount Taebaek near modern Pyeongyang for his son to  establish himself. Hwanung descended there with Aryongjong, the goddess of rainfall and Yondung, the wind goddess. He gathered three thousand initial followers around him and established the Divine City, from where his rule spread.

Hwanung instituted three hundred sixty laws governing not just the affairs of humanity, like government, agriculture, morality, punishments and society but also governing natural laws on the young world. These laws pertained to lifespans, illnesses, science, etc, similar to certain concepts in Sumerian myth. When both a female bear and a female tiger prayed to Hwanung to be made human, only the bear passed Hwanung’s test and became his bride, the mother of Tangun and through him many descending generations of Koreans. The mythical significance is that it was the patience of the bear, not the ferocity of the tiger, that became part of the Korean character and enabled them to survive repeated invasions by Japan and China.         

2. HALMANG – The goddess of Jeju Island, often depicted embodying the island the way Earth goddesses are often depicted embodying the entire planet. She could also assume giantess form and roam the island at will and much of her mythic cycle deals with her activities in that mobile form. Her diahhrea after having eaten millet porridge resulted in 360 of the hills and mountains of Jeju Island. Halmang also arranged all the valleys and rivers of the island to her liking, too. Her urine caused the channel between Jeju Island and mainland Korea, or the channel between Jeju Island and nearby Udo Island, depending on the version.

When the people of Jeju Island wanted the goddess to cease walking around naked in her giantess form she told them that if they could make clothing large enough to fit her she would build them a bridge to the  mainland. The people exhausted all of the material on the island but still the clothes they made were not large enough to cover Halmang, so she stopped her own efforts, leaving the bridge half-finished. (This is similar to many Philippine myths about giant gods or goddesses partially completing bridges between islands) 

Another myth involves her out-doing her husband, the god Halubang, at fishing by lying in the ocean and swallowing all the fish into her vagina. (This is similar to one of the Vietnamese myths about Giat Hai outdoing Khong Lo) With that husband, the god that the large, ancient stone phalluses on Jeju Island are dedicated to, Halmang spawned Koeulla, Puella and Yangeulla, the progenitor gods of The Three Clans of Jeju Island.      

jumong1. JUMONG – The god who founded the ancient kingdom of Koguryeo, from which the name Korea was ultimately derived. While Jumong’s mother, the goddess Yuhwa, was hiding with King Keumwa she gave birth to an egg which contained the offspring of the sun god Haemosu. Fearful over the strange birth, King Keumwa exposed the egg to the horses of his stable, but none of them would trample it. He left it in the forest, but none of the animals would harm it. He tried to prevent Yuhwa from warming the egg, but Haemosu made a shaft of sunlight keep the egg warm, even on cloudy days.

Keumwa gave in and let Yuhwa care for the egg, from which Jumong eventually burst forth, like many other gods in Korean mythology. (See Talhae and Pakhyeokkeose, also born of eggs; Kimsuro, born of a golden egg found in a golden chest; and Kimalji, born from a golden chest alone, just to be different) Jumong could speak after just one month and grew to adulthood very quickly. He had supernatural skill as an archer and was said to be able to shoot even tiny objects like fleas from a great distance. He always outdid King Keumwa’s sons, who grew to resent him, which conflict ultimately led to Jumong heading south to establish his own kingdom, with his mother’s blessing (in some versions she also gives him the Five Grains to take with him).

Keumwa’s troops pursued him to the Kaesa River, where there was no ferry. Not wishing to have to strike down the army of the man who had been kind to his mother, Jumong instead shot an arrow into the river and in the name of his godly heritage as the son of Haemosu and Yuhwa,  commanded all the fish and turtles in the water to form a bridge for him to cross.  They obeyed and after he successfully crossed, the animals gave way, letting the pursuing soldiers fall into the river.

Balladeer's Blog

Balladeer’s Blog

Next Jumong overthrew King Songyang by obtaining a sacred drum and bugle, defeating him at an archery contest and by calling on the rain goddess Aryongjong to cause a flood that washed away Songyang’s capital city (which certainly seems more effective than drums, bugles and  beating the guy at archery).

The common people of the city were saved from the flood by Jumong, riding a horse-sized duck. He then used his godly power to cause a new city to form out of mist on the spot in just seven days, and this became the capital of his new kingdom called Koguryeo. His own son Yuri went on to become a great king, too. Jumong is sometimes spelled Chumong for the same reason Jeju Island is sometimes spelled Cheju Island.       

  

 © Edward Wozniak and Balladeer’s Blog, 2011. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Edward Wozniak and Balladeer’s Blog with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.

352 Comments

Filed under Mythology

352 responses to “THE TOP 11 DEITIES IN KOREAN MYTHOLOGY

  1. I really enjoyed reading this! Especially the paragraph on Hwanung.

    I listed you as a blog to check out for anyone who stumbles onto mine.

    Would you like some links with that?

    I hope you don’t mind haha.

  2. OMG it’s like your the Homer of all these unsung myths. Keep them coming please.

  3. ehatsumi

    woooow, never thought that korean myth is very colorful and interesting as well!

    thanks for the post!

  4. It’s really nice how every place in the world must have had gods and goddesses like this.

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  6. The rain goddess is my favorite! u should do 1 on just her!

  7. Awesome post dude! That sun god is a real bad ass!

  8. Yuhwa knew what she was doing! Get away from that sun god quick!

  9. Koguryeo to Korea! Cool! I can see the link!

  10. Really enjoyable! Love the naked giant goddess! u go girllll!

  11. Kewl as shite buddy! Sounds like the sun god was the cocksman of the group.

  12. Really kewl! Too much testosterone compared to ur other lists but that can’t be helped with some I guess.

  13. Mountains made out of diarea? Gross!

  14. Jumong kicks butt and needs a major motion picture.

    • I agree. In the meantime he has a live action tv show in Korea as part of the Korean Wave, sort of a cultural renaissance reviving a great deal of Korea’s past. The tv show just features him as a human hero with no special effects for budgetary reasons.

  15. I would have loved a full entry on the rain goddess.

  16. Got to say I also love the goddess of Jeju Island. She’s my kind of lady!

  17. Keep it up please! I am rally enjoying lerning about more than the usual Greek gods

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  19. The rain goddess Aryongjong sounds interesting.

  20. Amy

    That war god story was very odd. Igong was my favorite.

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  22. Ada

    thanks for all those informations , from long ago i know only aboutbut HABAEK , the River god (from korean comic manhwa bride of the water god) but korean have so many gods , so interesting , i love mythology andanything have to do with deitys

    (sorry for my bad english )

    • Thank you very much! I think South Korea has a tv show called Jumong, but they avoid anything supernatural to save on their special effects budget and just have him as a rebel fighting a Chinese invasion.

      If you like deities I’ve got a lot of articles on them here.

  23. Great reading! You really are the brat prince of blogging with these mythology posts.

  24. Igong is really cool!

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  26. Korean gods are so cool! Awesome the way u bring up these forgotten pantheons!

  27. U da man! Korean myths rock!

  28. Aryongjong sounds very interesting.

  29. Victoria

    Igong is really cool.

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  31. tammy

    im looking for legend its a bout a goddess and her sisters that come down to earth every lunar moon and a wood cutter was told when and wher to find them he steals the dress so she cant go back with her sisters

    • Hello! Sorry about the delay but all the basketball this month has me way behind on answering comments. Thanks for asking this question!
      This story has variations in Korean, Vietnamese, Philippine, Malagassy and other mythological pantheons. Sometimes the woman is a goddess, sometimes a star. She and her sisters come down to the Earth regularly to remove their “wings” or “star-clothes” or “gowns” and take a swim.

      A man who is sometimes a hunter and sometimes a woodcutter, watches from hiding, steals one of the girl’s oufits so she cannot fly back to the heavens and then marries her. The followup often involves them eventually separating when he gives back her gown/wings/ star outfit. They argue over the division of their children, usually an odd number like three or five or one, with the gruesome result that to make the division of the children even one of the kids has to be torn in two.

      In some variations the divided child is provided with artificial body parts (wood, stone or otherwise) to replace the missing ones and becomes a hero.

  32. tammy

    and yes legend is korean

  33. Cho youn

    If you are a teacher, I recommand you to change “Sea of Japan” to “East sea”. Several acient map shows it is “East sea” not “Sea of Japan”.

  34. Fantastic! I love myths and never knew about these gods!

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  36. Excellent look at Asian myths!

  37. Aryongjong is my favorite!

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  39. Loved the slam of Kim Jong il

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  41. Hwanin deserved more!

  42. Go Byung Min

    As a korean person who grew up in north america, i always found it a bit sad that i couldnt find traditional korean mythos (mom’s devout catholic and dad is atheist). I sincerely thank you for helping me find some form of my roots in the form of beautiful legends 🙂

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  47. This is really awesome 🙂 I am a 1/4 Korean but knew very little about Korean mythology….now I know more and feel more in touch with my roots 🙂 THANK YOU!

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  56. rij

    can you provide pictures for each god and goddesses? thanks

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  58. How dare a white male write about Korean gods and goddesses! I demand that you stop this cultural exploitation right now!

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  60. My favorite is Koenigitto!

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  82. I´ve just found your blog and would like to thank you so much for this posting!

    • No problem at all~ Thanks for commenting

      • Thank YOU, actually. Works like yours are crucial to make reliable info more accessible over the web for anyone who is seriously interested in learning more, and not just those who are studying at the universities.
        I´d just like to suggest that you add some bibliography( i.e. of the texts you´ve used as sources). This way your posting gets even more substantiation.

      • Thanks again! I’ll do that, I thought I had already. Thanks 4 catching that. I’ll add those soon.

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  85. That war god on the island should be made into a movie.

  86. Aryong Jong is my favorite!

  87. You sure about that story about the sun god?

  88. This is the best blog I ever read!

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  90. That is the very best look at Korean gods anyplace.

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  92. You should have done more Korean goddesses.

  93. This information is magnificent. Yuhwa was my favorite.

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  98. I loved the shot at the Kim dictatorship.

  99. Mac

    Im obliged for the blog post.Really looking forward to read more of your mythology entries. Great.

  100. A big thank you for your blog article.Thanks Again. Really Cool.

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  102. William

    Nice breakdown of these gods.

  103. This is very fascinating, You are a very professional blogger. I’ve joined your feed and look forward to looking for extra of your fantastic post. Also, I’ve shared your web site in my social networks!

  104. Lillian R

    Who knew Korean myths were so much fun!

  105. Emanuel

    Korean gods are the way to go!

  106. Kim

    Very nice selection of these gods.

  107. N Cassidy

    Glad I found Balladeer’s Blog. Big variety of topics.

  108. Bobby R

    Wonderful blog post about overlooked myths.

  109. Shaun

    Not enough Yuhwa for my taste.

  110. Elvin Khlok

    Yuhwa all the way!

  111. Keeri

    You cover more Korean gods than many Korean teachers do!

  112. Maranda

    Who knew Korea had such a rich tapestry of deities?

  113. Kareem

    The Kim family lies about everything.

  114. Rex

    Jeju Island is the Vegas of the East!

  115. Ethan

    A lot of my friends from South Korea love this blog post.

  116. I like these myths! Cheers!

  117. T.C.

    I liked the shot at Kim Jong il. What a delusional madman!

  118. Tamika B

    Very nice breakdown on these gods!

  119. Rashad

    Very nice look at these myths.

  120. Dallas H

    Not big on Korean myths. How about Sumerian?

  121. Uh Jung

    I love this! Your popularization of Korean myths is going to help KPop conquer the world.

  122. P'aeng Byung-Hoon

    Your look at Korean gods is so cute! Love the attention you have brought them in the English-speaking world!

  123. Luke M

    Excellent! We love you in my class!

  124. Nelson C

    You are the Korean myth MAN!

  125. Maynard

    Not into Korean myths.

  126. Loved the gong that summons a million soldiers!

  127. Gigi

    This taught me a lot!

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  131. Kwok

    As a Korean I love the attention you have brought to our ancient gods.

  132. Loved the shot at the Kim family!

  133. Mohammed G

    All heresies.

  134. Breanna

    These were so educational!!!

  135. Tomas

    Everyone who reads this one should read his Aztech gods one.

  136. Very interesting and very nice way of describing these myths.

  137. These really opened my mind about how many gods the ancient Koreans had!

  138. Reina

    Priceless! Do you cover Japanese myths?

  139. Hunter

    Pretty lame, dude.

  140. Mitchell

    I know Shinto myths but this was my first exposure to Korean myths!

  141. Robin

    You need to do a second Korean gods list.

  142. Lesa

    Too few goddesses.

  143. Really great! My friends in South Korea recommended this to me.

  144. Veronique

    Very intriguing article about Korean myths.

  145. Wonderful work! I am sharing this with my TAs =)|

  146. Corazon

    Splendid article about Korean myths.

  147. Great summary of these gods! I subscribed! (:.

  148. South Korean people have a fan site dedicated to your blog! Have you seen it?

  149. Madison L

    Jumong is my favorite!

  150. Patrick V

    I thoroughly enjoyed this! It is nice to read something other than Greek and Egyptian myths.

  151. Cassandra

    Very educational! I enjoyed learning these myths.

  152. May G

    Interesting! I did not know Korea had gods and goddesses like this!

  153. Lovette

    Laka was my favorite out of all of these!

  154. You have a remarkable way of distilling the information about these gods.

  155. I really like your mythology posts.

  156. Gregorio

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  157. Damian

    I really hate mythology.

  158. Emmy

    Howdy! Absolutely loved this blogpost. Really interested in Korean mythology as a Korean-American myself, but found it difficult to find really rich sources of knowledge. A question… Where did you find all of this great information? I’d love to know, and thank you once again for sharing this with all of us! (Hmmm… My favorite? That’s hard. I’d probably go with Koenegitto. He seems more conflicted, and therefore more dimensional, than the rest of the deities. One, he’s a demigod, and two, he challenges our ideal of divinity. He’s not wanted by his parents, not wanted by his father-in-law, and has issues with conducting himself. And yet, he demonstrates the most courage and commands great power with his bronze gong and the army.) Would love to hear your thoughts.

    • Hello! I replied to the other one – did not realize at first that they were duplicate comments.

    • Very very sorry, Emme, I haven’t forgotten about listing my source books for you, I’ve just been swamped with Christmas preparations and such I promise I will have them listed here today or tomorrow. Thanks for your patience.

  159. emme

    Howdy! Absolutely loved this blogpost. Really interested in Korean mythology as a Korean-American myself, but found it difficult to find really rich sources of knowledge. A question… Where did you find all of this great information? I’d love to know, and thank you once again for sharing this with all of us! (Hmmm… My favorite? That’s hard. I’d probably go with Koenegitto. He seems more conflicted, and therefore more dimensional, than the rest of the deities. One, he’s a demigod, and two, he challenges our ideal of divinity. He’s not wanted by his parents, not wanted by his father-in-law, and has issues with conducting himself. And yet, he demonstrates the most courage and commands great power with his bronze gong and the army.) Would love to hear your thoughts.

    • Thank you very much for the nice comment! I will round up all my Korean Mythology books and list the titles back here in a few days. Glad you enjoyed this. I think Koenegitto is a great choice! So much drama built into his storyline.

  160. Cristine

    You make it look so easy to condense these myths! I would take thousands of words to try to describe them.

  161. Darrel R

    Wonderful post. Thanks for providing all these details and background information about these gods!

  162. Jumong is a real butt kicker!

  163. This is one of the best things I’ve ever read about Korea.

  164. Dorie

    Wow! Yuhwa is such an important figure!

  165. Korean myths should be up there with Greek and Egyptian.

  166. Russel Jakobson

    Keep on turning out these myths! Great post!

  167. Boris

    Nobody cares what you think about Korean myths.

  168. Ernie B

    It was a lousy decision to look at Korean myths.

  169. Muralikrish

    Very nice and very informative

  170. Tommy Lee Edwards

    DONALD TRUMP HAS SAVED THE WORKING CLASS AND THE POOR TWICE.

  171. L Concepcion

    You take myths to the next level!

  172. Subscribed! Excellent mythology blog!|

  173. M Waid

    DEMOCRATS CAUSED ALL OF THE RECENT RIOTING AND HATRED!

  174. M Waid

    DEMOCRATS CAUSED ALL OF THE RECENT RIOTING AND HATRED!

  175. Dale Wentland

    White people writing about mythologies of color is very uncomfortable for me but you write so brilliantly I loved this!

  176. Mythology Lover

    Annyeonghaseyo I hope I spelled that right I am not at all korean however i’ve always been interested in korean culture I am learning korean myself and 2 of My favorites are not in here but the other is my favorites are Dalnim,Gameunjang,and Yuhwa.

  177. Karlotte

    Great post!

  178. Why isn’t there more about Korean deities online. After reading this I realise how far the Jumong TV series strayed from the legends. In it Haemosu, Yuhwa and Jumong are all just humans.

  179. Ross

    I like the way ypu make universality your top priority with myths.